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- <text id=93CT1703>
- <link 93HT0625>
- <title>
- Grenada--History
- </title>
- <history>
- Compact ALMANAC--CIA Factbook
- Caribbean
- Grenada
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>CIA World Factbook</source>
- <hdr>
- History
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p> Columbus discovered Grenada in 1498 during his third voyage
- to the New World. He named the island "Concepcion." The origin
- of the name "Grenada" is obscure. Legend has it that the
- Spanish renamed the island for the city of Granada, but by the
- beginning of the 18th century, the name had changed in common
- usage to Grenada.
- </p>
- <p> At the time of discovery, Grenada was inhabited by Caribs,
- a warlike, Indian tribe who had driven the more peaceful
- Arawaks from the island. Partly because of the Caribs, Grenada
- remained uncolonized for more than 100 years after its
- discovery. The British attempted to settle the island but were
- driven away. In 1650, a French company founded by Cardinal
- Richelieu purchased Grenada from the British and established a
- small settlement. After several skirmishes with the Caribs, the
- French brought reinforcements from Martinique and slaughtered
- the entire Indian population.
- </p>
- <p> The island remained under French control until captured by
- the British a century later during the Seven Year's War. Grenada
- was formally ceded to Great Britain in 1763 by the Treaty of
- Paris. Although the French regained control in 1779, the island
- was restored to Great Britain in 1783 by the Treaty of
- Versailles.
- </p>
- <p> During the 18th century, Grenada's economy underwent an
- important transition. Like the rest of the West Indies, it was
- originally settled to cultivate sugar. However a series of
- natural disasters paved the way for the introduction of other
- crops. A plague of ants, followed by a hurricane, virtually
- destroyed the sugar industry.
- </p>
- <p> In 1782, Sir Joseph Banks, the botanical adviser to King
- George III, introduced nutmeg to Grenada. The island's soil
- proved ideal for growing the spice, and because Grenada was a
- closer source of spices for Europe than the Dutch East Indies,
- the island assumed a new importance to European traders.
- </p>
- <p> The collapse of the sugar estates and the introduction of
- nutmeg and cocoa encouraged the development of smaller land
- tenantries. As farmers became landowners, the island developed
- a yeoman farmer class that became the basis of contemporary
- Grenadian society.
- </p>
- <p> In 1833, Grenada was made part of the Windward Islands
- Administration. The governor of the Windward Islands
- administered the island throughout the remainder of the colonial
- period. In 1958, the Windward Islands Administration was
- dissolved, and Grenada joined the Federation of the West Indies.
- </p>
- <p> After the federation collapsed in 1962, the British
- attempted to form a small federation out of their remaining
- dependencies in the Eastern Caribbean. Following the failure of
- this second effort, the British and the islands developed the
- concept of associated statehood.
- </p>
- <p> Under the Associated Statehood Act of 1967, six British
- dependencies in the Eastern Caribbean (Grenada, St. Vincent,
- St. Lucia, Dominica, Antigua, and St. Kitts-Nevis-Anguilla)
- were granted full autonomy over their internal affairs. Great
- Britain retained responsibility for their defense and external
- affairs. Grenada became an associated state on March 3, 1967.
- It was the first of the associated states to seek full
- independence, which the British granted on February 7, 1974.
- </p>
- <p> After obtaining independence, Grenada adopted a modified
- Westminster parliamentary system based on the British model.
- Sir Eric Gairy was Grenada's first prime minister. On March 13,
- 1979, the New Joint Endeavor for Welfare, Education, and
- Liberation (New JEWEL) Movement ousted Gairy in a nearly
- bloodless coup d'etat, and established a People's Revolutionary
- Government (PRG) headed by Prime Minister Maurice Bishop. The
- new government, strongly Marxist-Leninist in orientation, moved
- to establish close ties to Cuba, the Soviet Union, and other
- communist bloc countries.
- </p>
- <p> In October 1983, a power struggle within the government
- resulted in the arrest and subsequent execution of Prime
- Minister Bishop and several members of his cabinet by elements
- of the People's Revolutionary Army. Following the breakdown of
- civil order a joint U.S.-Caribbean force, acting in response to
- an appeal from the Governor General and to a request for
- assistance from the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States,
- landed in Grenada on October 25 to evacuate U.S. citizens whose
- safety was endangered and to help restore order. An Advisory
- Council, named by the Governor General, administered the country
- until general elections were held in December 1984. The New
- National Party (NNP), led by Herbert Blaize, won a strong
- parliamentary majority and formed Grenada's first democratic
- government since 1979.
- </p>
- <p>Current Political Conditions
- </p>
- <p> Grenada is governed under a parliamentary system inherited
- from the British. Grenada's constitution was suspended in 1979
- by the PRG and then restored after the October 1983 intervention
- by the United States and Eastern Caribbean countries. The NNP,
- which won 14 out of 15 seats in free and fair elections in
- 1984, continues in power but with a reduced majority as the
- result of the defection in 1986 of two of its members and the
- April 13, 1987, resignations of three additional members
- (including two cabinet ministers). Although the resignations
- reduced Prime Minister Blaize's parliamentary majority to three
- seats, the prognosis is for continued political stability in a
- democratic environment.
- </p>
- <p> In 1985, Parliament restored the 1974 independence
- constitution and legitimized the court system inherited from
- its predecessors, who had ruled by decree. Political and civil
- rights are fully guaranteed by the government. The spectrum of
- political parties ranges from the moderate NNP and the Grenada
- Democratic Labor Party (GDLP), to the Marxist Maurice Bishop
- Patriotic Movement (MBPM) (organized by the pro-Bishop survivors
- of the October 19, 1983, anti-Bishop coup) and the Grenada
- United Labor Party (GULP) of former Prime Minister Sir Eric
- Gairy. Former members of the NNP constitute the bulk of the
- parliamentary opposition, and have coalesced into a formal
- centrist opposition political party, the National Democratic
- Congress.
- </p>
- <p>Source: U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs,
- December 1987.
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
-
-